| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
smb: server: fix leak of active_num_conn in ksmbd_tcp_new_connection()
On kthread_run() failure in ksmbd_tcp_new_connection(), the transport is
freed via free_transport(), which does not decrement active_num_conn,
leaking this counter.
Replace free_transport() with ksmbd_tcp_disconnect(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
crypto: omap - Allocate OMAP_CRYPTO_FORCE_COPY scatterlists correctly
The existing allocation of scatterlists in omap_crypto_copy_sg_lists()
was allocating an array of scatterlist pointers, not scatterlist objects,
resulting in a 4x too small allocation.
Use sizeof(*new_sg) to get the correct object size. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ksmbd: fix infinite loop caused by next_smb2_rcv_hdr_off reset in error paths
The problem occurs when a signed request fails smb2 signature verification
check. In __process_request(), if check_sign_req() returns an error,
set_smb2_rsp_status(work, STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED) is called.
set_smb2_rsp_status() set work->next_smb2_rcv_hdr_off as zero. By resetting
next_smb2_rcv_hdr_off to zero, the pointer to the next command in the chain
is lost. Consequently, is_chained_smb2_message() continues to point to
the same request header instead of advancing. If the header's NextCommand
field is non-zero, the function returns true, causing __handle_ksmbd_work()
to repeatedly process the same failed request in an infinite loop.
This results in the kernel log being flooded with "bad smb2 signature"
messages and high CPU usage.
This patch fixes the issue by changing the return value from
SERVER_HANDLER_CONTINUE to SERVER_HANDLER_ABORT. This ensures that
the processing loop terminates immediately rather than attempting to
continue from an invalidated offset. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
nvmet-tcp: add bounds checks in nvmet_tcp_build_pdu_iovec
nvmet_tcp_build_pdu_iovec() could walk past cmd->req.sg when a PDU
length or offset exceeds sg_cnt and then use bogus sg->length/offset
values, leading to _copy_to_iter() GPF/KASAN. Guard sg_idx, remaining
entries, and sg->length/offset before building the bvec. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfilter: nf_tables: fix inverted genmask check in nft_map_catchall_activate()
nft_map_catchall_activate() has an inverted element activity check
compared to its non-catchall counterpart nft_mapelem_activate() and
compared to what is logically required.
nft_map_catchall_activate() is called from the abort path to re-activate
catchall map elements that were deactivated during a failed transaction.
It should skip elements that are already active (they don't need
re-activation) and process elements that are inactive (they need to be
restored). Instead, the current code does the opposite: it skips inactive
elements and processes active ones.
Compare the non-catchall activate callback, which is correct:
nft_mapelem_activate():
if (nft_set_elem_active(ext, iter->genmask))
return 0; /* skip active, process inactive */
With the buggy catchall version:
nft_map_catchall_activate():
if (!nft_set_elem_active(ext, genmask))
continue; /* skip inactive, process active */
The consequence is that when a DELSET operation is aborted,
nft_setelem_data_activate() is never called for the catchall element.
For NFT_GOTO verdict elements, this means nft_data_hold() is never
called to restore the chain->use reference count. Each abort cycle
permanently decrements chain->use. Once chain->use reaches zero,
DELCHAIN succeeds and frees the chain while catchall verdict elements
still reference it, resulting in a use-after-free.
This is exploitable for local privilege escalation from an unprivileged
user via user namespaces + nftables on distributions that enable
CONFIG_USER_NS and CONFIG_NF_TABLES.
Fix by removing the negation so the check matches nft_mapelem_activate():
skip active elements, process inactive ones. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
pnfs/flexfiles: Fix memory leak in nfs4_ff_alloc_deviceid_node()
In nfs4_ff_alloc_deviceid_node(), if the allocation for ds_versions fails,
the function jumps to the out_scratch label without freeing the already
allocated dsaddrs list, leading to a memory leak.
Fix this by jumping to the out_err_drain_dsaddrs label, which properly
frees the dsaddrs list before cleaning up other resources. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
can: etas_es58x: allow partial RX URB allocation to succeed
When es58x_alloc_rx_urbs() fails to allocate the requested number of
URBs but succeeds in allocating some, it returns an error code.
This causes es58x_open() to return early, skipping the cleanup label
'free_urbs', which leads to the anchored URBs being leaked.
As pointed out by maintainer Vincent Mailhol, the driver is designed
to handle partial URB allocation gracefully. Therefore, partial
allocation should not be treated as a fatal error.
Modify es58x_alloc_rx_urbs() to return 0 if at least one URB has been
allocated, restoring the intended behavior and preventing the leak
in es58x_open(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: omap-dma: fix dma_pool resource leak in error paths
The dma_pool created by dma_pool_create() is not destroyed when
dma_async_device_register() or of_dma_controller_register() fails,
causing a resource leak in the probe error paths.
Add dma_pool_destroy() in both error paths to properly release the
allocated dma_pool resource. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
null_blk: fix kmemleak by releasing references to fault configfs items
When CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NULL_BLK_FAULT_INJECTION is enabled, the null-blk
driver sets up fault injection support by creating the timeout_inject,
requeue_inject, and init_hctx_fault_inject configfs items as children
of the top-level nullbX configfs group.
However, when the nullbX device is removed, the references taken to
these fault-config configfs items are not released. As a result,
kmemleak reports a memory leak, for example:
unreferenced object 0xc00000021ff25c40 (size 32):
comm "mkdir", pid 10665, jiffies 4322121578
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
69 6e 69 74 5f 68 63 74 78 5f 66 61 75 6c 74 5f init_hctx_fault_
69 6e 6a 65 63 74 00 88 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 inject..........
backtrace (crc 1a018c86):
__kmalloc_node_track_caller_noprof+0x494/0xbd8
kvasprintf+0x74/0xf4
config_item_set_name+0xf0/0x104
config_group_init_type_name+0x48/0xfc
fault_config_init+0x48/0xf0
0xc0080000180559e4
configfs_mkdir+0x304/0x814
vfs_mkdir+0x49c/0x604
do_mkdirat+0x314/0x3d0
sys_mkdir+0xa0/0xd8
system_call_exception+0x1b0/0x4f0
system_call_vectored_common+0x15c/0x2ec
Fix this by explicitly releasing the references to the fault-config
configfs items when dropping the reference to the top-level nullbX
configfs group. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
can: gs_usb: gs_usb_receive_bulk_callback(): fix URB memory leak
In gs_can_open(), the URBs for USB-in transfers are allocated, added to the
parent->rx_submitted anchor and submitted. In the complete callback
gs_usb_receive_bulk_callback(), the URB is processed and resubmitted. In
gs_can_close() the URBs are freed by calling
usb_kill_anchored_urbs(parent->rx_submitted).
However, this does not take into account that the USB framework unanchors
the URB before the complete function is called. This means that once an
in-URB has been completed, it is no longer anchored and is ultimately not
released in gs_can_close().
Fix the memory leak by anchoring the URB in the
gs_usb_receive_bulk_callback() to the parent->rx_submitted anchor. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
phy: rockchip: inno-usb2: Fix a double free bug in rockchip_usb2phy_probe()
The for_each_available_child_of_node() calls of_node_put() to
release child_np in each success loop. After breaking from the
loop with the child_np has been released, the code will jump to
the put_child label and will call the of_node_put() again if the
devm_request_threaded_irq() fails. These cause a double free bug.
Fix by returning directly to avoid the duplicate of_node_put(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: qcom: gpi: Fix memory leak in gpi_peripheral_config()
Fix a memory leak in gpi_peripheral_config() where the original memory
pointed to by gchan->config could be lost if krealloc() fails.
The issue occurs when:
1. gchan->config points to previously allocated memory
2. krealloc() fails and returns NULL
3. The function directly assigns NULL to gchan->config, losing the
reference to the original memory
4. The original memory becomes unreachable and cannot be freed
Fix this by using a temporary variable to hold the krealloc() result
and only updating gchan->config when the allocation succeeds.
Found via static analysis and code review. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mm/page_alloc: prevent pcp corruption with SMP=n
The kernel test robot has reported:
BUG: spinlock trylock failure on UP on CPU#0, kcompactd0/28
lock: 0xffff888807e35ef0, .magic: dead4ead, .owner: kcompactd0/28, .owner_cpu: 0
CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 28 Comm: kcompactd0 Not tainted 6.18.0-rc5-00127-ga06157804399 #1 PREEMPT 8cc09ef94dcec767faa911515ce9e609c45db470
Call Trace:
<IRQ>
__dump_stack (lib/dump_stack.c:95)
dump_stack_lvl (lib/dump_stack.c:123)
dump_stack (lib/dump_stack.c:130)
spin_dump (kernel/locking/spinlock_debug.c:71)
do_raw_spin_trylock (kernel/locking/spinlock_debug.c:?)
_raw_spin_trylock (include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:89 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:138)
__free_frozen_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:2973)
___free_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:5295)
__free_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:5334)
tlb_remove_table_rcu (include/linux/mm.h:? include/linux/mm.h:3122 include/asm-generic/tlb.h:220 mm/mmu_gather.c:227 mm/mmu_gather.c:290)
? __cfi_tlb_remove_table_rcu (mm/mmu_gather.c:289)
? rcu_core (kernel/rcu/tree.c:?)
rcu_core (include/linux/rcupdate.h:341 kernel/rcu/tree.c:2607 kernel/rcu/tree.c:2861)
rcu_core_si (kernel/rcu/tree.c:2879)
handle_softirqs (arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h:36 include/trace/events/irq.h:142 kernel/softirq.c:623)
__irq_exit_rcu (arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h:36 kernel/softirq.c:725)
irq_exit_rcu (kernel/softirq.c:741)
sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt (arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1052)
</IRQ>
<TASK>
RIP: 0010:_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (arch/x86/include/asm/preempt.h:95 include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:152 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)
free_pcppages_bulk (mm/page_alloc.c:1494)
drain_pages_zone (include/linux/spinlock.h:391 mm/page_alloc.c:2632)
__drain_all_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:2731)
drain_all_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:2747)
kcompactd (mm/compaction.c:3115)
kthread (kernel/kthread.c:465)
? __cfi_kcompactd (mm/compaction.c:3166)
? __cfi_kthread (kernel/kthread.c:412)
ret_from_fork (arch/x86/kernel/process.c:164)
? __cfi_kthread (kernel/kthread.c:412)
ret_from_fork_asm (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:255)
</TASK>
Matthew has analyzed the report and identified that in drain_page_zone()
we are in a section protected by spin_lock(&pcp->lock) and then get an
interrupt that attempts spin_trylock() on the same lock. The code is
designed to work this way without disabling IRQs and occasionally fail the
trylock with a fallback. However, the SMP=n spinlock implementation
assumes spin_trylock() will always succeed, and thus it's normally a
no-op. Here the enabled lock debugging catches the problem, but otherwise
it could cause a corruption of the pcp structure.
The problem has been introduced by commit 574907741599 ("mm/page_alloc:
leave IRQs enabled for per-cpu page allocations"). The pcp locking scheme
recognizes the need for disabling IRQs to prevent nesting spin_trylock()
sections on SMP=n, but the need to prevent the nesting in spin_lock() has
not been recognized. Fix it by introducing local wrappers that change the
spin_lock() to spin_lock_iqsave() with SMP=n and use them in all places
that do spin_lock(&pcp->lock).
[vbabka@suse.cz: add pcp_ prefix to the spin_lock_irqsave wrappers, per Steven] |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: sock: fix hardened usercopy panic in sock_recv_errqueue
skbuff_fclone_cache was created without defining a usercopy region,
[1] unlike skbuff_head_cache which properly whitelists the cb[] field.
[2] This causes a usercopy BUG() when CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY is
enabled and the kernel attempts to copy sk_buff.cb data to userspace
via sock_recv_errqueue() -> put_cmsg().
The crash occurs when: 1. TCP allocates an skb using alloc_skb_fclone()
(from skbuff_fclone_cache) [1]
2. The skb is cloned via skb_clone() using the pre-allocated fclone
[3] 3. The cloned skb is queued to sk_error_queue for timestamp
reporting 4. Userspace reads the error queue via recvmsg(MSG_ERRQUEUE)
5. sock_recv_errqueue() calls put_cmsg() to copy serr->ee from skb->cb
[4] 6. __check_heap_object() fails because skbuff_fclone_cache has no
usercopy whitelist [5]
When cloned skbs allocated from skbuff_fclone_cache are used in the
socket error queue, accessing the sock_exterr_skb structure in skb->cb
via put_cmsg() triggers a usercopy hardening violation:
[ 5.379589] usercopy: Kernel memory exposure attempt detected from SLUB object 'skbuff_fclone_cache' (offset 296, size 16)!
[ 5.382796] kernel BUG at mm/usercopy.c:102!
[ 5.383923] Oops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP KASAN NOPTI
[ 5.384903] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 138 Comm: poc_put_cmsg Not tainted 6.12.57 #7
[ 5.384903] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
[ 5.384903] RIP: 0010:usercopy_abort+0x6c/0x80
[ 5.384903] Code: 1a 86 51 48 c7 c2 40 15 1a 86 41 52 48 c7 c7 c0 15 1a 86 48 0f 45 d6 48 c7 c6 80 15 1a 86 48 89 c1 49 0f 45 f3 e8 84 27 88 ff <0f> 0b 490
[ 5.384903] RSP: 0018:ffffc900006f77a8 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 5.384903] RAX: 000000000000006f RBX: ffff88800f0ad2a8 RCX: 1ffffffff0f72e74
[ 5.384903] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000004 RDI: ffffffff87b973a0
[ 5.384903] RBP: 0000000000000010 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: fffffbfff0f72e74
[ 5.384903] R10: 0000000000000003 R11: 79706f6372657375 R12: 0000000000000001
[ 5.384903] R13: ffff88800f0ad2b8 R14: ffffea00003c2b40 R15: ffffea00003c2b00
[ 5.384903] FS: 0000000011bc4380(0000) GS:ffff8880bf100000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 5.384903] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 5.384903] CR2: 000056aa3b8e5fe4 CR3: 000000000ea26004 CR4: 0000000000770ef0
[ 5.384903] PKRU: 55555554
[ 5.384903] Call Trace:
[ 5.384903] <TASK>
[ 5.384903] __check_heap_object+0x9a/0xd0
[ 5.384903] __check_object_size+0x46c/0x690
[ 5.384903] put_cmsg+0x129/0x5e0
[ 5.384903] sock_recv_errqueue+0x22f/0x380
[ 5.384903] tls_sw_recvmsg+0x7ed/0x1960
[ 5.384903] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
[ 5.384903] ? schedule+0x6d/0x270
[ 5.384903] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
[ 5.384903] ? mutex_unlock+0x81/0xd0
[ 5.384903] ? __pfx_mutex_unlock+0x10/0x10
[ 5.384903] ? __pfx_tls_sw_recvmsg+0x10/0x10
[ 5.384903] ? _raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x8f/0xf0
[ 5.384903] ? _raw_read_unlock_irqrestore+0x20/0x40
[ 5.384903] ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0xfbef5
The crash offset 296 corresponds to skb2->cb within skbuff_fclones:
- sizeof(struct sk_buff) = 232 - offsetof(struct sk_buff, cb) = 40 -
offset of skb2.cb in fclones = 232 + 40 = 272 - crash offset 296 =
272 + 24 (inside sock_exterr_skb.ee)
This patch uses a local stack variable as a bounce buffer to avoid the hardened usercopy check failure.
[1] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.12.62/source/net/ipv4/tcp.c#L885
[2] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.12.62/source/net/core/skbuff.c#L5104
[3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.12.62/source/net/core/skbuff.c#L5566
[4] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.12.62/source/net/core/skbuff.c#L5491
[5] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.12.62/source/mm/slub.c#L5719 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/sched: sch_qfq: Fix NULL deref when deactivating inactive aggregate in qfq_reset
`qfq_class->leaf_qdisc->q.qlen > 0` does not imply that the class
itself is active.
Two qfq_class objects may point to the same leaf_qdisc. This happens
when:
1. one QFQ qdisc is attached to the dev as the root qdisc, and
2. another QFQ qdisc is temporarily referenced (e.g., via qdisc_get()
/ qdisc_put()) and is pending to be destroyed, as in function
tc_new_tfilter.
When packets are enqueued through the root QFQ qdisc, the shared
leaf_qdisc->q.qlen increases. At the same time, the second QFQ
qdisc triggers qdisc_put and qdisc_destroy: the qdisc enters
qfq_reset() with its own q->q.qlen == 0, but its class's leaf
qdisc->q.qlen > 0. Therefore, the qfq_reset would wrongly deactivate
an inactive aggregate and trigger a null-deref in qfq_deactivate_agg:
[ 0.903172] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000
[ 0.903571] #PF: supervisor write access in kernel mode
[ 0.903860] #PF: error_code(0x0002) - not-present page
[ 0.904177] PGD 10299b067 P4D 10299b067 PUD 10299c067 PMD 0
[ 0.904502] Oops: Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP NOPTI
[ 0.904737] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 135 Comm: exploit Not tainted 6.19.0-rc3+ #2 NONE
[ 0.905157] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.17.0-0-gb52ca86e094d-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
[ 0.905754] RIP: 0010:qfq_deactivate_agg (include/linux/list.h:992 (discriminator 2) include/linux/list.h:1006 (discriminator 2) net/sched/sch_qfq.c:1367 (discriminator 2) net/sched/sch_qfq.c:1393 (discriminator 2))
[ 0.906046] Code: 0f 84 4d 01 00 00 48 89 70 18 8b 4b 10 48 c7 c2 ff ff ff ff 48 8b 78 08 48 d3 e2 48 21 f2 48 2b 13 48 8b 30 48 d3 ea 8b 4b 18 0
Code starting with the faulting instruction
===========================================
0: 0f 84 4d 01 00 00 je 0x153
6: 48 89 70 18 mov %rsi,0x18(%rax)
a: 8b 4b 10 mov 0x10(%rbx),%ecx
d: 48 c7 c2 ff ff ff ff mov $0xffffffffffffffff,%rdx
14: 48 8b 78 08 mov 0x8(%rax),%rdi
18: 48 d3 e2 shl %cl,%rdx
1b: 48 21 f2 and %rsi,%rdx
1e: 48 2b 13 sub (%rbx),%rdx
21: 48 8b 30 mov (%rax),%rsi
24: 48 d3 ea shr %cl,%rdx
27: 8b 4b 18 mov 0x18(%rbx),%ecx
...
[ 0.907095] RSP: 0018:ffffc900004a39a0 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 0.907368] RAX: ffff8881043a0880 RBX: ffff888102953340 RCX: 0000000000000000
[ 0.907723] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
[ 0.908100] RBP: ffff888102952180 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
[ 0.908451] R10: ffff8881043a0000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff888102952000
[ 0.908804] R13: ffff888102952180 R14: ffff8881043a0ad8 R15: ffff8881043a0880
[ 0.909179] FS: 000000002a1a0380(0000) GS:ffff888196d8d000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 0.909572] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 0.909857] CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 0000000102993002 CR4: 0000000000772ef0
[ 0.910247] PKRU: 55555554
[ 0.910391] Call Trace:
[ 0.910527] <TASK>
[ 0.910638] qfq_reset_qdisc (net/sched/sch_qfq.c:357 net/sched/sch_qfq.c:1485)
[ 0.910826] qdisc_reset (include/linux/skbuff.h:2195 include/linux/skbuff.h:2501 include/linux/skbuff.h:3424 include/linux/skbuff.h:3430 net/sched/sch_generic.c:1036)
[ 0.911040] __qdisc_destroy (net/sched/sch_generic.c:1076)
[ 0.911236] tc_new_tfilter (net/sched/cls_api.c:2447)
[ 0.911447] rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6958)
[ 0.911663] ? __pfx_rtnetlink_rcv_msg (net/core/rtnetlink.c:6861)
[ 0.911894] netlink_rcv_skb (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2550)
[ 0.912100] netlink_unicast (net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1319 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1344)
[ 0.912296] ? __alloc_skb (net/core/skbuff.c:706)
[ 0.912484] netlink_sendmsg (net/netlink/af
---truncated--- |
| Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to versions 19.2.18, 20.3.16, 21.0.7, and 21.1.0-rc.0, a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability has been identified in the Angular Template Compiler. The vulnerability exists because Angular’s internal sanitization schema fails to recognize the href and xlink:href attributes of SVG <script> elements as a Resource URL context. This issue has been patched in versions 19.2.18, 20.3.16, 21.0.7, and 21.1.0-rc.0. |
| A flaw was found in GLib. An integer overflow vulnerability in its Unicode case conversion implementation can lead to memory corruption. By processing specially crafted and extremely large Unicode strings, an attacker could trigger an undersized memory allocation, resulting in out-of-bounds writes. This could cause applications utilizing GLib for string conversion to crash or become unstable. |
| A flaw was found in the GLib Base64 encoding routine when processing very large input data. Due to incorrect use of integer types during length calculation, the library may miscalculate buffer boundaries. This can cause memory writes outside the allocated buffer. Applications that process untrusted or extremely large Base64 input using GLib may crash or behave unpredictably. |
| Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in GeniexWebView component in Transsion AI Assistant Lifestyle application (com.transsion.aiassistantlifestyle) all versions on Android allows remote attacker to execute arbitrary JavaScript in the WebView context via crafted web_action_data URL parameter. |
| In approvalLevelForDomainInternal of DomainVerificationService.java, there is a possible way to hijack an arbitrary app link due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. |
