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CVSS v3.1 |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
pfifo_tail_enqueue: Drop new packet when sch->limit == 0
Expected behaviour:
In case we reach scheduler's limit, pfifo_tail_enqueue() will drop a
packet in scheduler's queue and decrease scheduler's qlen by one.
Then, pfifo_tail_enqueue() enqueue new packet and increase
scheduler's qlen by one. Finally, pfifo_tail_enqueue() return
`NET_XMIT_CN` status code.
Weird behaviour:
In case we set `sch->limit == 0` and trigger pfifo_tail_enqueue() on a
scheduler that has no packet, the 'drop a packet' step will do nothing.
This means the scheduler's qlen still has value equal 0.
Then, we continue to enqueue new packet and increase scheduler's qlen by
one. In summary, we can leverage pfifo_tail_enqueue() to increase qlen by
one and return `NET_XMIT_CN` status code.
The problem is:
Let's say we have two qdiscs: Qdisc_A and Qdisc_B.
- Qdisc_A's type must have '->graft()' function to create parent/child relationship.
Let's say Qdisc_A's type is `hfsc`. Enqueue packet to this qdisc will trigger `hfsc_enqueue`.
- Qdisc_B's type is pfifo_head_drop. Enqueue packet to this qdisc will trigger `pfifo_tail_enqueue`.
- Qdisc_B is configured to have `sch->limit == 0`.
- Qdisc_A is configured to route the enqueued's packet to Qdisc_B.
Enqueue packet through Qdisc_A will lead to:
- hfsc_enqueue(Qdisc_A) -> pfifo_tail_enqueue(Qdisc_B)
- Qdisc_B->q.qlen += 1
- pfifo_tail_enqueue() return `NET_XMIT_CN`
- hfsc_enqueue() check for `NET_XMIT_SUCCESS` and see `NET_XMIT_CN` => hfsc_enqueue() don't increase qlen of Qdisc_A.
The whole process lead to a situation where Qdisc_A->q.qlen == 0 and Qdisc_B->q.qlen == 1.
Replace 'hfsc' with other type (for example: 'drr') still lead to the same problem.
This violate the design where parent's qlen should equal to the sum of its childrens'qlen.
Bug impact: This issue can be used for user->kernel privilege escalation when it is reachable. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
nvme-rdma: unquiesce admin_q before destroy it
Kernel will hang on destroy admin_q while we create ctrl failed, such
as following calltrace:
PID: 23644 TASK: ff2d52b40f439fc0 CPU: 2 COMMAND: "nvme"
#0 [ff61d23de260fb78] __schedule at ffffffff8323bc15
#1 [ff61d23de260fc08] schedule at ffffffff8323c014
#2 [ff61d23de260fc28] blk_mq_freeze_queue_wait at ffffffff82a3dba1
#3 [ff61d23de260fc78] blk_freeze_queue at ffffffff82a4113a
#4 [ff61d23de260fc90] blk_cleanup_queue at ffffffff82a33006
#5 [ff61d23de260fcb0] nvme_rdma_destroy_admin_queue at ffffffffc12686ce
#6 [ff61d23de260fcc8] nvme_rdma_setup_ctrl at ffffffffc1268ced
#7 [ff61d23de260fd28] nvme_rdma_create_ctrl at ffffffffc126919b
#8 [ff61d23de260fd68] nvmf_dev_write at ffffffffc024f362
#9 [ff61d23de260fe38] vfs_write at ffffffff827d5f25
RIP: 00007fda7891d574 RSP: 00007ffe2ef06958 RFLAGS: 00000202
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000055e8122a4d90 RCX: 00007fda7891d574
RDX: 000000000000012b RSI: 000055e8122a4d90 RDI: 0000000000000004
RBP: 00007ffe2ef079c0 R8: 000000000000012b R9: 000055e8122a4d90
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 0000000000000004
R13: 000055e8122923c0 R14: 000000000000012b R15: 00007fda78a54500
ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001 CS: 0033 SS: 002b
This due to we have quiesced admi_q before cancel requests, but forgot
to unquiesce before destroy it, as a result we fail to drain the
pending requests, and hang on blk_mq_freeze_queue_wait() forever. Here
try to reuse nvme_rdma_teardown_admin_queue() to fix this issue and
simplify the code. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
nilfs2: prevent use of deleted inode
syzbot reported a WARNING in nilfs_rmdir. [1]
Because the inode bitmap is corrupted, an inode with an inode number that
should exist as a ".nilfs" file was reassigned by nilfs_mkdir for "file0",
causing an inode duplication during execution. And this causes an
underflow of i_nlink in rmdir operations.
The inode is used twice by the same task to unmount and remove directories
".nilfs" and "file0", it trigger warning in nilfs_rmdir.
Avoid to this issue, check i_nlink in nilfs_iget(), if it is 0, it means
that this inode has been deleted, and iput is executed to reclaim it.
[1]
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 5824 at fs/inode.c:407 drop_nlink+0xc4/0x110 fs/inode.c:407
...
Call Trace:
<TASK>
nilfs_rmdir+0x1b0/0x250 fs/nilfs2/namei.c:342
vfs_rmdir+0x3a3/0x510 fs/namei.c:4394
do_rmdir+0x3b5/0x580 fs/namei.c:4453
__do_sys_rmdir fs/namei.c:4472 [inline]
__se_sys_rmdir fs/namei.c:4470 [inline]
__x64_sys_rmdir+0x47/0x50 fs/namei.c:4470
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
riscv: Fix IPIs usage in kfence_protect_page()
flush_tlb_kernel_range() may use IPIs to flush the TLBs of all the
cores, which triggers the following warning when the irqs are disabled:
[ 3.455330] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 0 at kernel/smp.c:815 smp_call_function_many_cond+0x452/0x520
[ 3.456647] Modules linked in:
[ 3.457218] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/1 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc7-00010-g91d3de7240b8 #1
[ 3.457416] Hardware name: QEMU QEMU Virtual Machine, BIOS
[ 3.457633] epc : smp_call_function_many_cond+0x452/0x520
[ 3.457736] ra : on_each_cpu_cond_mask+0x1e/0x30
[ 3.457786] epc : ffffffff800b669a ra : ffffffff800b67c2 sp : ff2000000000bb50
[ 3.457824] gp : ffffffff815212b8 tp : ff6000008014f080 t0 : 000000000000003f
[ 3.457859] t1 : ffffffff815221e0 t2 : 000000000000000f s0 : ff2000000000bc10
[ 3.457920] s1 : 0000000000000040 a0 : ffffffff815221e0 a1 : 0000000000000001
[ 3.457953] a2 : 0000000000010000 a3 : 0000000000000003 a4 : 0000000000000000
[ 3.458006] a5 : 0000000000000000 a6 : ffffffffffffffff a7 : 0000000000000000
[ 3.458042] s2 : ffffffff815223be s3 : 00fffffffffff000 s4 : ff600001ffe38fc0
[ 3.458076] s5 : ff600001ff950d00 s6 : 0000000200000120 s7 : 0000000000000001
[ 3.458109] s8 : 0000000000000001 s9 : ff60000080841ef0 s10: 0000000000000001
[ 3.458141] s11: ffffffff81524812 t3 : 0000000000000001 t4 : ff60000080092bc0
[ 3.458172] t5 : 0000000000000000 t6 : ff200000000236d0
[ 3.458203] status: 0000000200000100 badaddr: ffffffff800b669a cause: 0000000000000003
[ 3.458373] [<ffffffff800b669a>] smp_call_function_many_cond+0x452/0x520
[ 3.458593] [<ffffffff800b67c2>] on_each_cpu_cond_mask+0x1e/0x30
[ 3.458625] [<ffffffff8000e4ca>] __flush_tlb_range+0x118/0x1ca
[ 3.458656] [<ffffffff8000e6b2>] flush_tlb_kernel_range+0x1e/0x26
[ 3.458683] [<ffffffff801ea56a>] kfence_protect+0xc0/0xce
[ 3.458717] [<ffffffff801e9456>] kfence_guarded_free+0xc6/0x1c0
[ 3.458742] [<ffffffff801e9d6c>] __kfence_free+0x62/0xc6
[ 3.458764] [<ffffffff801c57d8>] kfree+0x106/0x32c
[ 3.458786] [<ffffffff80588cf2>] detach_buf_split+0x188/0x1a8
[ 3.458816] [<ffffffff8058708c>] virtqueue_get_buf_ctx+0xb6/0x1f6
[ 3.458839] [<ffffffff805871da>] virtqueue_get_buf+0xe/0x16
[ 3.458880] [<ffffffff80613d6a>] virtblk_done+0x5c/0xe2
[ 3.458908] [<ffffffff8058766e>] vring_interrupt+0x6a/0x74
[ 3.458930] [<ffffffff800747d8>] __handle_irq_event_percpu+0x7c/0xe2
[ 3.458956] [<ffffffff800748f0>] handle_irq_event+0x3c/0x86
[ 3.458978] [<ffffffff800786cc>] handle_simple_irq+0x9e/0xbe
[ 3.459004] [<ffffffff80073934>] generic_handle_domain_irq+0x1c/0x2a
[ 3.459027] [<ffffffff804bf87c>] imsic_handle_irq+0xba/0x120
[ 3.459056] [<ffffffff80073934>] generic_handle_domain_irq+0x1c/0x2a
[ 3.459080] [<ffffffff804bdb76>] riscv_intc_aia_irq+0x24/0x34
[ 3.459103] [<ffffffff809d0452>] handle_riscv_irq+0x2e/0x4c
[ 3.459133] [<ffffffff809d923e>] call_on_irq_stack+0x32/0x40
So only flush the local TLB and let the lazy kfence page fault handling
deal with the faults which could happen when a core has an old protected
pte version cached in its TLB. That leads to potential inaccuracies which
can be tolerated when using kfence. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ceph: give up on paths longer than PATH_MAX
If the full path to be built by ceph_mdsc_build_path() happens to be
longer than PATH_MAX, then this function will enter an endless (retry)
loop, effectively blocking the whole task. Most of the machine
becomes unusable, making this a very simple and effective DoS
vulnerability.
I cannot imagine why this retry was ever implemented, but it seems
rather useless and harmful to me. Let's remove it and fail with
ENAMETOOLONG instead. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
regulator: axp20x: AXP717: set ramp_delay
AXP717 datasheet says that regulator ramp delay is 15.625 us/step,
which is 10mV in our case.
Add a AXP_DESC_RANGES_DELAY macro and update AXP_DESC_RANGES macro to
expand to AXP_DESC_RANGES_DELAY with ramp_delay = 0
For DCDC4, steps is 100mv
Add a AXP_DESC_DELAY macro and update AXP_DESC macro to
expand to AXP_DESC_DELAY with ramp_delay = 0
This patch fix crashes when using CPU DVFS. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
sched/fair: Fix NEXT_BUDDY
Adam reports that enabling NEXT_BUDDY insta triggers a WARN in
pick_next_entity().
Moving clear_buddies() up before the delayed dequeue bits ensures
no ->next buddy becomes delayed. Further ensure no new ->next buddy
ever starts as delayed. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/smc: check iparea_offset and ipv6_prefixes_cnt when receiving proposal msg
When receiving proposal msg in server, the field iparea_offset
and the field ipv6_prefixes_cnt in proposal msg are from the
remote client and can not be fully trusted. Especially the
field iparea_offset, once exceed the max value, there has the
chance to access wrong address, and crash may happen.
This patch checks iparea_offset and ipv6_prefixes_cnt before using them. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/smc: check v2_ext_offset/eid_cnt/ism_gid_cnt when receiving proposal msg
When receiving proposal msg in server, the fields v2_ext_offset/
eid_cnt/ism_gid_cnt in proposal msg are from the remote client
and can not be fully trusted. Especially the field v2_ext_offset,
once exceed the max value, there has the chance to access wrong
address, and crash may happen.
This patch checks the fields v2_ext_offset/eid_cnt/ism_gid_cnt
before using them. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/smc: check smcd_v2_ext_offset when receiving proposal msg
When receiving proposal msg in server, the field smcd_v2_ext_offset in
proposal msg is from the remote client and can not be fully trusted.
Once the value of smcd_v2_ext_offset exceed the max value, there has
the chance to access wrong address, and crash may happen.
This patch checks the value of smcd_v2_ext_offset before using it. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
sched: fix warning in sched_setaffinity
Commit 8f9ea86fdf99b added some logic to sched_setaffinity that included
a WARN when a per-task affinity assignment races with a cpuset update.
Specifically, we can have a race where a cpuset update results in the
task affinity no longer being a subset of the cpuset. That's fine; we
have a fallback to instead use the cpuset mask. However, we have a WARN
set up that will trigger if the cpuset mask has no overlap at all with
the requested task affinity. This shouldn't be a warning condition; its
trivial to create this condition.
Reproduced the warning by the following setup:
- $PID inside a cpuset cgroup
- another thread repeatedly switching the cpuset cpus from 1-2 to just 1
- another thread repeatedly setting the $PID affinity (via taskset) to 2 |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfilter: nf_tables: don't fail inserts if duplicate has expired
nftables selftests fail:
run-tests.sh testcases/sets/0044interval_overlap_0
Expected: 0-2 . 0-3, got:
W: [FAILED] ./testcases/sets/0044interval_overlap_0: got 1
Insertion must ignore duplicate but expired entries.
Moreover, there is a strange asymmetry in nft_pipapo_activate:
It refetches the current element, whereas the other ->activate callbacks
(bitmap, hash, rhash, rbtree) use elem->priv.
Same for .remove: other set implementations take elem->priv,
nft_pipapo_remove fetches elem->priv, then does a relookup,
remove this.
I suspect this was the reason for the change that prompted the
removal of the expired check in pipapo_get() in the first place,
but skipping exired elements there makes no sense to me, this helper
is used for normal get requests, insertions (duplicate check)
and deactivate callback.
In first two cases expired elements must be skipped.
For ->deactivate(), this gets called for DELSETELEM, so it
seems to me that expired elements should be skipped as well, i.e.
delete request should fail with -ENOENT error. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfilter: nf_tables: don't skip expired elements during walk
There is an asymmetry between commit/abort and preparation phase if the
following conditions are met:
1. set is a verdict map ("1.2.3.4 : jump foo")
2. timeouts are enabled
In this case, following sequence is problematic:
1. element E in set S refers to chain C
2. userspace requests removal of set S
3. kernel does a set walk to decrement chain->use count for all elements
from preparation phase
4. kernel does another set walk to remove elements from the commit phase
(or another walk to do a chain->use increment for all elements from
abort phase)
If E has already expired in 1), it will be ignored during list walk, so its use count
won't have been changed.
Then, when set is culled, ->destroy callback will zap the element via
nf_tables_set_elem_destroy(), but this function is only safe for
elements that have been deactivated earlier from the preparation phase:
lack of earlier deactivate removes the element but leaks the chain use
count, which results in a WARN splat when the chain gets removed later,
plus a leak of the nft_chain structure.
Update pipapo_get() not to skip expired elements, otherwise flush
command reports bogus ENOENT errors. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfilter: nf_tables: adapt set backend to use GC transaction API
Use the GC transaction API to replace the old and buggy gc API and the
busy mark approach.
No set elements are removed from async garbage collection anymore,
instead the _DEAD bit is set on so the set element is not visible from
lookup path anymore. Async GC enqueues transaction work that might be
aborted and retried later.
rbtree and pipapo set backends does not set on the _DEAD bit from the
sync GC path since this runs in control plane path where mutex is held.
In this case, set elements are deactivated, removed and then released
via RCU callback, sync GC never fails. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netfilter: nft_set_hash: unaligned atomic read on struct nft_set_ext
Access to genmask field in struct nft_set_ext results in unaligned
atomic read:
[ 72.130109] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff0000c2bb708c
[ 72.131036] Mem abort info:
[ 72.131213] ESR = 0x0000000096000021
[ 72.131446] EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
[ 72.132209] SET = 0, FnV = 0
[ 72.133216] EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
[ 72.134080] FSC = 0x21: alignment fault
[ 72.135593] Data abort info:
[ 72.137194] ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000021, ISS2 = 0x00000000
[ 72.142351] CM = 0, WnR = 0, TnD = 0, TagAccess = 0
[ 72.145989] GCS = 0, Overlay = 0, DirtyBit = 0, Xs = 0
[ 72.150115] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=0000000237d27000
[ 72.154893] [ffff0000c2bb708c] pgd=0000000000000000, p4d=180000023ffff403, pud=180000023f84b403, pmd=180000023f835403,
+pte=0068000102bb7707
[ 72.163021] Internal error: Oops: 0000000096000021 [#1] SMP
[...]
[ 72.170041] CPU: 7 UID: 0 PID: 54 Comm: kworker/7:0 Tainted: G E 6.13.0-rc3+ #2
[ 72.170509] Tainted: [E]=UNSIGNED_MODULE
[ 72.170720] Hardware name: QEMU QEMU Virtual Machine, BIOS edk2-stable202302-for-qemu 03/01/2023
[ 72.171192] Workqueue: events_power_efficient nft_rhash_gc [nf_tables]
[ 72.171552] pstate: 21400005 (nzCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO +DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
[ 72.171915] pc : nft_rhash_gc+0x200/0x2d8 [nf_tables]
[ 72.172166] lr : nft_rhash_gc+0x128/0x2d8 [nf_tables]
[ 72.172546] sp : ffff800081f2bce0
[ 72.172724] x29: ffff800081f2bd40 x28: ffff0000c2bb708c x27: 0000000000000038
[ 72.173078] x26: ffff0000c6780ef0 x25: ffff0000c643df00 x24: ffff0000c6778f78
[ 72.173431] x23: 000000000000001a x22: ffff0000c4b1f000 x21: ffff0000c6780f78
[ 72.173782] x20: ffff0000c2bb70dc x19: ffff0000c2bb7080 x18: 0000000000000000
[ 72.174135] x17: ffff0000c0a4e1c0 x16: 0000000000003000 x15: 0000ac26d173b978
[ 72.174485] x14: ffffffffffffffff x13: 0000000000000030 x12: ffff0000c6780ef0
[ 72.174841] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: ffff800081f2bcf8 x9 : ffff0000c3000000
[ 72.175193] x8 : 00000000000004be x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0000000000000000
[ 72.175544] x5 : 0000000000000040 x4 : ffff0000c3000010 x3 : 0000000000000000
[ 72.175871] x2 : 0000000000003a98 x1 : ffff0000c2bb708c x0 : 0000000000000004
[ 72.176207] Call trace:
[ 72.176316] nft_rhash_gc+0x200/0x2d8 [nf_tables] (P)
[ 72.176653] process_one_work+0x178/0x3d0
[ 72.176831] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0
[ 72.176995] kthread+0xe8/0xf8
[ 72.177130] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
[ 72.177289] Code: 54fff984 d503201f d2800080 91003261 (f820303f)
[ 72.177557] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
Align struct nft_set_ext to word size to address this and
documentation it.
pahole reports that this increases the size of elements for rhash and
pipapo in 8 bytes on x86_64. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
nvmet: Don't overflow subsysnqn
nvmet_root_discovery_nqn_store treats the subsysnqn string like a fixed
size buffer, even though it is dynamically allocated to the size of the
string.
Create a new string with kstrndup instead of using the old buffer. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: wwan: t7xx: Fix FSM command timeout issue
When driver processes the internal state change command, it use an
asynchronous thread to process the command operation. If the main
thread detects that the task has timed out, the asynchronous thread
will panic when executing the completion notification because the
main thread completion object has been released.
BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: fffffffffffffff8
PGD 1f283a067 P4D 1f283a067 PUD 1f283c067 PMD 0
Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI
RIP: 0010:complete_all+0x3e/0xa0
[...]
Call Trace:
<TASK>
? __die_body+0x68/0xb0
? page_fault_oops+0x379/0x3e0
? exc_page_fault+0x69/0xa0
? asm_exc_page_fault+0x22/0x30
? complete_all+0x3e/0xa0
fsm_main_thread+0xa3/0x9c0 [mtk_t7xx (HASH:1400 5)]
? __pfx_autoremove_wake_function+0x10/0x10
kthread+0xd8/0x110
? __pfx_fsm_main_thread+0x10/0x10 [mtk_t7xx (HASH:1400 5)]
? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
ret_from_fork+0x38/0x50
? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30
</TASK>
[...]
CR2: fffffffffffffff8
---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
Use the reference counter to ensure safe release as Sergey suggests:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/da90f64c-260a-4329-87bf-1f9ff20a5951@gmail.com/ |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
accel/ivpu: Fix WARN in ivpu_ipc_send_receive_internal()
Move pm_runtime_set_active() to ivpu_pm_init() so when
ivpu_ipc_send_receive_internal() is executed before ivpu_pm_enable()
it already has correct runtime state, even if last resume was
not successful. |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
can: mcba_usb: properly check endpoint type
Syzbot reported warning in usb_submit_urb() which is caused by wrong
endpoint type. We should check that in endpoint is actually present to
prevent this warning.
Found pipes are now saved to struct mcba_priv and code uses them
directly instead of making pipes in place.
Fail log:
| usb 5-1: BOGUS urb xfer, pipe 3 != type 1
| WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 49 at drivers/usb/core/urb.c:502 usb_submit_urb+0xed2/0x18a0 drivers/usb/core/urb.c:502
| Modules linked in:
| CPU: 1 PID: 49 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 5.17.0-rc6-syzkaller-00184-g38f80f42147f #0
| Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
| Workqueue: usb_hub_wq hub_event
| RIP: 0010:usb_submit_urb+0xed2/0x18a0 drivers/usb/core/urb.c:502
| ...
| Call Trace:
| <TASK>
| mcba_usb_start drivers/net/can/usb/mcba_usb.c:662 [inline]
| mcba_usb_probe+0x8a3/0xc50 drivers/net/can/usb/mcba_usb.c:858
| usb_probe_interface+0x315/0x7f0 drivers/usb/core/driver.c:396
| call_driver_probe drivers/base/dd.c:517 [inline] |
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
block: Fix the maximum minor value is blk_alloc_ext_minor()
ida_alloc_range(..., min, max, ...) returns values from min to max,
inclusive.
So, NR_EXT_DEVT is a valid idx returned by blk_alloc_ext_minor().
This is an issue because in device_add_disk(), this value is used in:
ddev->devt = MKDEV(disk->major, disk->first_minor);
and NR_EXT_DEVT is '(1 << MINORBITS)'.
So, should 'disk->first_minor' be NR_EXT_DEVT, it would overflow. |